Design of a Conceptual Framework for the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Implementation
Abstract
George Gross
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, IL 61801, USA
The major increases in oil prices and the rising environmental concerns are key drivers in the growing popularity of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Car manufacturers understand this trend quite well and are developing new models. For the 90% of Americans who use their cars to get to work every day, the average daily commute distance is 45 km and the average daily time that cars remain parked is 22 hours. A salient feature that these vehicles have in common is the batteries, which provide good storage capacity that can be effectively integrated into the grid. We focus on the design of a conceptual framework needs to integrate the electric vehicles into the grid – the so-called
V2G concept. The basic premise we use is to treat the battery vehicles as distributed energy resources that can act both as supply and demand resources. We assess the deployment of an aggregation of battery vehicles for the provision of frequency regulation – requiring very fast response times – and energy supply for peak shaving. We also investigate the impacts of the aggregated battery vehicle-charging load on the low load generation schedules and on regulation requirements. The assessment of these impacts takes into consideration the explicit representation of uncertainty and the importance of the state of charge as a key variable in the use of the batteries for the supply and demand roles. For the framework completeness, we also explore the role of the energy services provider in the V2G integration. The role of V2G in the context of renewable resource integration is discussed. In addition, we present the need for the communications/metering system to enable the integrated battery vehicles to effectively participate in the operation of the grid and electricity markets.
